Research and Comparative Study of Space Object Observation Approaches Using Ground-Based Sensors

Observation of space objects in low Earth orbit has become essential for ensuring the success and safety of space operations, particularly amid rapid advancements in space technology. The observation process involves the core components of measurement and orbital-related processing (e.g., tracking, initial orbit determination, orbit prediction, and orbit determination). These functions are achieved through various ground-based sensor systems, including laser-ranging instruments, radar systems, and passive electro-optical telescopes. Each sensor type possesses unique characteristics, advantages, operational methodologies, and data outputs. This study presents a comprehensive overview of these sensor instruments, their respective techniques, and known performance in space object observations.