Research and Comparative Study of Space Object Observation Approaches Using Ground-Based Sensors

Resident space object observation in low-Earth orbit has become essential for ensuring the success and safety of space operations, particularly amid rapid advancements in space technology.The observation process involves core components: measurement, and orbital related processing (e.g., tracking, initial orbit determination, orbit prediction, and orbit determination). These functions are achieved through various ground-based sensor systems, including laser-ranging instruments, radar systems, and passive electro-optical telescopes. Each sensor type possesses unique characteristics, advantages, operational methodologies, and data outputs. This study presents a comprehensive overview of these sensor instruments, their respective techniques, and performance in space object observations regarding available data.